The
same medical technology that has provided the latest souvenir trend of high
resolution baby photos for expectant parents has provided new answers to how
smoking while pregnant affects unborn fetuses. Researchers used high-resolution
4D ultrasound scans of fetuses and found distinctive differences in the rates
of movement of those whose mothers smoked.
The study by researchers from Durham
and Lancaster Universities in England was published in the journal Acta
Paediatrica. It describes how the revolutionary 4D ultrasound technology
helps answer questions on fetal subtle movements that previous methodologies
were inadequate to address. 20 pregnant women participated in the study over a
three-month period; four were smokers who averaged about 14 cigarettes a day,
and 16 were non-smokers. Each woman was scanned four times within the study
period.
By assessing the rates of movement
captured by these high-resolution images and videos the researchers found
differences in the rates of mouth movements. It also measured the amount of
times the fetuses hands touched their faces, a fetal subtle movement called
self-touch. Fetuses of smoking mothers showed significantly higher rates of
mouth movements compared to fetuses of nonsmoking mothers. Stress and
depression also affect fetal movements and so the analysis collected data on
maternal stress and depression of each mother who participated in the study.
Previous Known Effects of Smoking While Pregnant
Known affects of smoking while pregnant include:
- Decreased oxygen affecting neurological development of the fetus.
- Reduced frequency of fetal breathing movements resulting in delayed
lung development.
- Increased risk of pregnancy complications
- Tissue damage, particularly in the lung and brain and some studies
suggests a link between maternal smoking and cleft lip
- Early delivery of babies. Preterm delivery is a leading cause of
death, disability, and disease among newborns.
- One in every five babies born to mothers who smoke during pregnancy
has low birth weight. Mothers who are exposed to secondhand smoke while
pregnant are more likely to have lower birth weight babies.
- Increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Babies whose
mothers smoke are about three times more likely to die from SIDS.
- Long-term consequences because of altered immune function
- Double or even triple the risk of stillbirth.
Effects of Stress and Depression on Fetal Movement
The study also had to account for the
mother’s stress levels and depression because stress has also been found to
influence neurobehavioral development in fetuses. The researchers explain in
the article that one study of maternal stress and upper limb movements of
fetuses found that elevated stress resulted in jerkier arm movements. High
levels of stress may be a risk factor for developmental disorders as stress
alters the biochemical equilibrium in the uterus. Stress is also a leading
reason why pregnant women smoke in the first place.
To make sure the researchers had the
data to assess the effects of smoking as well as the effects from stress and
depression, the mothers in the study completed the widely used Perceived Stress
Scale questionnaire and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at each scan
session. After coding the scans for the 4,528 mouth movement events and the
1,114 facial touch events recorded, the researchers used statistical analyses
to look deeper into effects of smoking, fetal age and sex, and age of the
mothers. The fetuses whose mothers smoked showed a much higher rate of
movements. This suggests that central nervous systems develop differently
depending on whether the mothers smoked or not during pregnancy.
This methodology is a first of its
kind and was largely a proof-of-concept study. A larger study with a higher
sample size would be needed to confirm the results and investigate specific
effects, including the interaction of maternal stress and smoking.
Since the study was published, the
lead author has published three papers and edited
a book. The larger study has not yet begun. In an email communication Dr.
Nadja Reissland stated, “Given that I have not been able to secure funding I
have not been able to look at the effects of smoking on fetal development in
more detail”. She writes, “However I am very keen on pursuing this research and
I have support from collaborators.”
