By: Andrey Terentyev
A most common content of Buddhist works of
art are excerpts or impressions of Buddhist literature. In early Buddhism, art
mainly illustrated the Buddha’s life, the content of sutras and the Jataka
tales.
Jataka story regarding the tigress -
Painting. Mongolia, 20th Century. (Private Collection)
The scenes, personages and meanings of such
art should be understood in view of the Buddhist literature in which they have
their origins. Therefore, the first essential step for understanding a piece of
Buddhist Art is identifying the source of the image.
In early times the gestures (mudra), dresses
and other details of the paintings and statues did not bear strictly prescribed
symbolical meanings. Only later, with the development of Mahayana iconography,
did a certain 5 mudras, known from older icons of the Buddha and referring to different
scenes of his life, come to be associated with the aspects of the Buddha named
Vairochana, Amoghasiddhi, Amitabha, Ratnasambhava and Akshobhya.
These 5 Buddhas later began to also represent
the five directions (East, North, West, South and Centre), the five colours,
five skandhas, five kleshas, five wisdoms, etc. They also acquired certain
objects as their distinctive symbols: Vairochana came to be associated with the
Wheel of the Dharma, Amoghasiddhi with double vajra, Amitabha with the lotus, Ratnasambhava
with a jewel, and Akshobhya with Vajra.
In fact, most Buddhas, bodhisattvas and other
deities came to be classified under one of these "Five Tathagatas"
(sometimes called "Dhyani Buddhas" in Western literature), making the
so-called ‘Buddha-families’ named after the above attributes (such as the
Vajra-family), or after klesha, which is the central object to be destroyed
through meditation within the family (for example, to destroy the dvesha).
With the elaboration of a more complex
Mahayana and Vajrayana iconography thousands of new images came into being.
Their symbolism was designed (or interpreted) to represent different aspects of
the Dharma. For instance, the two hands of a deity came to represent the 2
truths (relative and absolute); the three eyes of a deities’ face – the vision
of the “three times” (past, present and future); the union of male and female
figures – the inseparability of wisdom and method (i.e. compassion) throughout
the whole spiritual path, and others.
Likewise the six ornaments of a deity usually
refer to the Six Paramitas, the 12 hands of Cakrasamvara symbolize the 12 links
of Dependent Origination, the 18 legs of Vajrabhairava represent the 18 aspects
of Emptiness and so on.
In fact, if we go deeper, each Buddhist image
can be seen to convey the profound meaning of the whole Dharma – approached,
nonetheless, from one specific angle. The precise semantics of the image,
however, can often be peculiar and can only be interpreted in view of the
corresponding
"iconic" text, such as
"sadhana." This is also the case for the meanings of many Vajrayana
ritual implements, such as vajras, bells, drums. To learn what symbolism they
convey in each particular case we must explore the corresponding text – the
real source of this or that image. Still, the most general and widely employed
symbolisms should be known, and many of these are now accessible to
English-language readers thanks to Robert Beer in books such as The Handbook of
Tibetan Buddhist Symbols (Serindia, 2003).
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